notes/MySQL_RANGE查询优化详解.md

# MySQL RANGE 查询优化详解

## 目录
1. [RANGE 查询基本概念](#range-查询基本概念)
2. [RANGE 查询原理和类型](#range-查询原理和类型)
3. [示例数据准备](#示例数据准备)
4. [RANGE 查询优化技巧](#range-查询优化技巧)
5. [索引策略和执行计划分析](#索引策略和执行计划分析)
6. [实际开发场景案例](#实际开发场景案例)
7. [分区表与 RANGE 优化](#分区表与-range-优化)
8. [性能监控和调优](#性能监控和调优)
9. [常见问题和最佳实践](#常见问题和最佳实践)

## RANGE 查询基本概念

### 什么是 RANGE 查询

RANGE 查询是指查询某个字段在指定范围内的数据，在 MySQL 执行计划中表现为 `type=range`。这类查询在实际开发中非常常见，包括：

- 时间范围查询：`WHERE create_time BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-12-31'`
- 数值范围查询：`WHERE price BETWEEN 100 AND 500`
- 大于小于查询：`WHERE id > 1000 AND id < 2000`
- IN 查询：`WHERE status IN ('active', 'pending')`

### RANGE 查询的重要性

```sql
-- 典型的业务场景
-- 1. 订单查询：查询某个时间段的订单
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE order_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-01-31';

-- 2. 商品筛选：查询某个价格区间的商品
SELECT * FROM products WHERE price >= 100 AND price <= 500;

-- 3. 日志分析：查询某个ID范围的日志
SELECT * FROM logs WHERE id > 10000 AND id <= 20000;

-- 4. 状态筛选：查询多个状态的记录
SELECT * FROM users WHERE status IN ('active', 'premium', 'vip');
```

## RANGE 查询原理和类型

### 1. MySQL 中 RANGE 查询的类型

| 类型 | 描述 | 示例 |
|------|------|------|
| **range** | 索引范围扫描 | `WHERE id BETWEEN 1 AND 100` |
| **index_merge** | 多个索引合并 | `WHERE id > 100 OR name = 'test'` |
| **ref_or_null** | 引用查询包含NULL | `WHERE id = 1 OR id IS NULL` |

### 2. RANGE 查询的执行流程

```sql
-- 执行流程示意
1. 解析 SQL 语句和条件
2. 选择最优索引
3. 定位起始位置（起始键值）
4. 扫描到结束位置（结束键值）
5. 返回符合条件的记录
```

### 3. 索引选择性和基数

```sql
-- 查看索引选择性
SELECT 
    COUNT(DISTINCT column_name) / COUNT(*) as selectivity,
    COUNT(DISTINCT column_name) as cardinality,
    COUNT(*) as total_rows
FROM table_name;

-- 选择性越高，索引效果越好
-- 选择性 = 不重复值数量 / 总行数
-- 选择性接近 1 表示索引效果最好
```

## 示例数据准备

### 创建测试表和数据

```sql
-- 创建订单表
CREATE TABLE orders (
    order_id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
    user_id INT NOT NULL,
    product_id INT NOT NULL,
    order_date DATE NOT NULL,
    order_time DATETIME NOT NULL,
    amount DECIMAL(10,2) NOT NULL,
    quantity INT NOT NULL,
    status ENUM('pending', 'paid', 'shipped', 'delivered', 'cancelled') NOT NULL,
    region VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
    channel VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
    created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    updated_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    
    KEY idx_user_id (user_id),
    KEY idx_product_id (product_id),
    KEY idx_order_date (order_date),
    KEY idx_order_time (order_time),
    KEY idx_amount (amount),
    KEY idx_status (status),
    KEY idx_region (region),
    KEY idx_user_date (user_id, order_date),
    KEY idx_status_date (status, order_date),
    KEY idx_amount_date (amount, order_date)
) ENGINE=InnoDB;

-- 创建商品表
CREATE TABLE products (
    product_id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
    product_name VARCHAR(200) NOT NULL,
    category_id INT NOT NULL,
    price DECIMAL(8,2) NOT NULL,
    cost DECIMAL(8,2) NOT NULL,
    stock_quantity INT NOT NULL,
    weight DECIMAL(6,3),
    created_date DATE NOT NULL,
    last_update_time DATETIME NOT NULL,
    status TINYINT NOT NULL DEFAULT 1,
    
    KEY idx_category (category_id),
    KEY idx_price (price),
    KEY idx_stock (stock_quantity),
    KEY idx_created_date (created_date),
    KEY idx_status (status),
    KEY idx_category_price (category_id, price),
    KEY idx_status_price (status, price)
) ENGINE=InnoDB;

-- 创建用户访问日志表
CREATE TABLE access_logs (
    log_id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
    user_id INT,
    ip_address VARCHAR(45),
    request_url VARCHAR(500),
    request_method VARCHAR(10),
    response_code INT,
    response_time_ms INT,
    user_agent TEXT,
    access_time DATETIME NOT NULL,
    session_id VARCHAR(64),
    
    KEY idx_user_id (user_id),
    KEY idx_access_time (access_time),
    KEY idx_response_code (response_code),
    KEY idx_response_time (response_time_ms),
    KEY idx_user_time (user_id, access_time),
    KEY idx_code_time (response_code, access_time)
) ENGINE=InnoDB;

-- 插入测试数据（使用存储过程快速生成大量数据）
DELIMITER //
CREATE PROCEDURE GenerateTestData()
BEGIN
    DECLARE i INT DEFAULT 1;
    DECLARE max_records INT DEFAULT 100000;
    
    -- 清空表
    TRUNCATE TABLE orders;
    TRUNCATE TABLE products;
    TRUNCATE TABLE access_logs;
    
    -- 生成商品数据
    WHILE i <= 1000 DO
        INSERT INTO products (
            product_name, category_id, price, cost, stock_quantity, 
            weight, created_date, last_update_time, status
        ) VALUES (
            CONCAT('产品_', i),
            (i % 50) + 1,
            ROUND(RAND() * 1000 + 10, 2),
            ROUND(RAND() * 500 + 5, 2),
            FLOOR(RAND() * 1000),
            ROUND(RAND() * 10, 3),
            DATE_SUB(CURDATE(), INTERVAL FLOOR(RAND() * 365) DAY),
            DATE_SUB(NOW(), INTERVAL FLOOR(RAND() * 30) DAY),
            IF(RAND() > 0.1, 1, 0)
        );
        SET i = i + 1;
    END WHILE;
    
    -- 生成订单数据
    SET i = 1;
    WHILE i <= max_records DO
        INSERT INTO orders (
            user_id, product_id, order_date, order_time, amount, quantity,
            status, region, channel
        ) VALUES (
            FLOOR(RAND() * 10000) + 1,
            FLOOR(RAND() * 1000) + 1,
            DATE_SUB(CURDATE(), INTERVAL FLOOR(RAND() * 365) DAY),
            DATE_SUB(NOW(), INTERVAL FLOOR(RAND() * 365 * 24 * 60) MINUTE),
            ROUND(RAND() * 1000 + 10, 2),
            FLOOR(RAND() * 5) + 1,
            ELT(FLOOR(RAND() * 5) + 1, 'pending', 'paid', 'shipped', 'delivered', 'cancelled'),
            ELT(FLOOR(RAND() * 6) + 1, '北京', '上海', '广州', '深圳', '杭州', '成都'),
            ELT(FLOOR(RAND() * 4) + 1, 'web', 'mobile', 'api', 'admin')
        );
        
        IF i % 10000 = 0 THEN
            COMMIT;
        END IF;
        SET i = i + 1;
    END WHILE;
    
    -- 生成访问日志数据
    SET i = 1;
    WHILE i <= max_records DO
        INSERT INTO access_logs (
            user_id, ip_address, request_url, request_method,
            response_code, response_time_ms, access_time, session_id
        ) VALUES (
            IF(RAND() > 0.3, FLOOR(RAND() * 10000) + 1, NULL),
            CONCAT(
                FLOOR(RAND() * 255), '.', 
                FLOOR(RAND() * 255), '.', 
                FLOOR(RAND() * 255), '.', 
                FLOOR(RAND() * 255)
            ),
            CONCAT('/api/v1/', ELT(FLOOR(RAND() * 5) + 1, 'users', 'orders', 'products', 'search', 'cart')),
            ELT(FLOOR(RAND() * 4) + 1, 'GET', 'POST', 'PUT', 'DELETE'),
            ELT(FLOOR(RAND() * 10) + 1, 200, 200, 200, 200, 200, 404, 500, 403, 401, 302),
            FLOOR(RAND() * 5000) + 10,
            DATE_SUB(NOW(), INTERVAL FLOOR(RAND() * 30 * 24 * 60) MINUTE),
            MD5(CONCAT(i, RAND()))
        );
        
        IF i % 10000 = 0 THEN
            COMMIT;
        END IF;
        SET i = i + 1;
    END WHILE;
    
    COMMIT;
END //
DELIMITER ;

-- 执行数据生成（注意：这会花费一些时间）
CALL GenerateTestData();

-- 更新表统计信息
ANALYZE TABLE orders, products, access_logs;
```

## RANGE 查询优化技巧

### 1. 日期范围查询优化

```sql
-- ❌ 低效的日期查询（无法使用索引）
SELECT * FROM orders 
WHERE YEAR(order_date) = 2024 AND MONTH(order_date) = 1;

-- ❌ 函数导致全表扫描
SELECT * FROM orders 
WHERE DATE_FORMAT(order_date, '%Y-%m') = '2024-01';

-- ✅ 高效的日期范围查询
SELECT * FROM orders 
WHERE order_date >= '2024-01-01' AND order_date < '2024-02-01';

-- ✅ 使用 BETWEEN（包含边界）
SELECT * FROM orders 
WHERE order_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-01-31';

-- 执行计划对比
EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON
SELECT * FROM orders 
WHERE order_date >= '2024-01-01' AND order_date < '2024-02-01';
```

### 2. 数值范围查询优化

```sql
-- ✅ 基本数值范围查询
SELECT * FROM products 
WHERE price BETWEEN 100 AND 500;

-- ✅ 组合条件优化
SELECT * FROM products 
WHERE price >= 100 AND price <= 500 
  AND status = 1;

-- 🔍 查看执行计划
EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON
SELECT * FROM products 
WHERE price >= 100 AND price <= 500 AND status = 1;

-- ✅ 多条件范围查询优化
SELECT * FROM orders 
WHERE amount >= 100 AND amount <= 1000
  AND order_date >= '2024-01-01' AND order_date <= '2024-12-31';

-- 🔍 分析索引选择
EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON
SELECT * FROM orders 
WHERE amount >= 100 AND amount <= 1000
  AND order_date >= '2024-01-01' AND order_date <= '2024-12-31';
```

### 3. IN 查询优化

```sql
-- ✅ 基本 IN 查询
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE status IN ('paid', 'shipped', 'delivered');

-- ✅ 大量 IN 值的优化
SELECT * FROM orders 
WHERE user_id IN (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50);

-- ❌ 避免过多的 IN 值（可能导致性能问题）
-- SELECT * FROM orders WHERE user_id IN (1,2,3,...,1000); -- 太多值

-- ✅ 使用 EXISTS 替代大量 IN 值
CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE temp_users (user_id INT PRIMARY KEY);
INSERT INTO temp_users VALUES (1), (5), (10), (15), (20);

SELECT o.* FROM orders o
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM temp_users t WHERE t.user_id = o.user_id);

-- ✅ 使用 JOIN 替代大量 IN 值
SELECT o.* FROM orders o
INNER JOIN temp_users t ON o.user_id = t.user_id;
```

### 4. 复合索引的 RANGE 查询优化

```sql
-- 创建复合索引
CREATE INDEX idx_user_status_date ON orders(user_id, status, order_date);

-- ✅ 充分利用复合索引（遵循最左前缀原则）
SELECT * FROM orders 
WHERE user_id = 1001 
  AND status IN ('paid', 'shipped') 
  AND order_date >= '2024-01-01';

-- ✅ 部分利用复合索引
SELECT * FROM orders 
WHERE user_id = 1001 
  AND order_date >= '2024-01-01';

-- ❌ 无法利用复合索引（跳过了前缀列）
SELECT * FROM orders 
WHERE status = 'paid' 
  AND order_date >= '2024-01-01';

-- 🔍 验证索引使用情况
EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON
SELECT * FROM orders 
WHERE user_id = 1001 
  AND status IN ('paid', 'shipped') 
  AND order_date >= '2024-01-01';
```

## 索引策略和执行计划分析

### 1. 执行计划解读

```sql
-- 创建测试查询并分析执行计划
EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON
SELECT * FROM orders 
WHERE order_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-01-31' 
  AND amount >= 100;

-- 关键信息解读：
-- "access_type": "range" - 表示使用了范围扫描
-- "key": "idx_order_date" - 使用的索引名称
-- "rows_examined_per_scan": 预估扫描行数
-- "cost_info": 查询成本信息
```

### 2. 索引选择性分析

```sql
-- 分析不同字段的选择性
SELECT 
    'order_date' as column_name,
    COUNT(DISTINCT order_date) as distinct_values,
    COUNT(*) as total_rows,
    COUNT(DISTINCT order_date) / COUNT(*) as selectivity
FROM orders

UNION ALL

SELECT 
    'amount' as column_name,
    COUNT(DISTINCT amount) as distinct_values,
    COUNT(*) as total_rows,
    COUNT(DISTINCT amount) / COUNT(*) as selectivity
FROM orders

UNION ALL

SELECT 
    'status' as column_name,
    COUNT(DISTINCT status) as distinct_values,
    COUNT(*) as total_rows,
    COUNT(DISTINCT status) / COUNT(*) as selectivity
FROM orders;

-- 根据选择性结果调整索引策略
-- 高选择性字段适合做索引前缀
-- 低选择性字段适合放在组合索引后面
```

### 3. 成本分析和索引选择

```sql
-- 强制使用不同索引对比性能
-- 使用日期索引
SELECT * FROM orders USE INDEX (idx_order_date)
WHERE order_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-01-31' 
  AND amount >= 100;

-- 使用金额索引
SELECT * FROM orders USE INDEX (idx_amount)
WHERE order_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-01-31' 
  AND amount >= 100;

-- 使用复合索引
SELECT * FROM orders USE INDEX (idx_amount_date)
WHERE order_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-01-31' 
  AND amount >= 100;

-- 让优化器自动选择
SELECT * FROM orders 
WHERE order_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-01-31' 
  AND amount >= 100;
```

### 4. 索引提示的使用

```sql
-- 强制使用特定索引
SELECT * FROM orders FORCE INDEX (idx_order_date)
WHERE order_date >= '2024-01-01' AND amount > 100;

-- 忽略某个索引
SELECT * FROM orders IGNORE INDEX (idx_amount)
WHERE order_date >= '2024-01-01' AND amount > 100;

-- 建议使用某个索引
SELECT * FROM orders USE INDEX (idx_amount_date)
WHERE order_date >= '2024-01-01' AND amount > 100;
```

## 实际开发场景案例

### 案例1：电商订单查询系统

```sql
-- 需求：查询某用户在指定时间段内的订单，按金额排序
-- 原始查询（可能性能较差）
SELECT * FROM orders 
WHERE user_id = 1001 
  AND order_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-01-31'
ORDER BY amount DESC;

-- 优化方案1：创建专门的复合索引
CREATE INDEX idx_user_date_amount ON orders(user_id, order_date, amount DESC);

-- 优化后的查询
SELECT * FROM orders 
WHERE user_id = 1001 
  AND order_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-01-31'
ORDER BY amount DESC;

-- 验证优化效果
EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON
SELECT * FROM orders 
WHERE user_id = 1001 
  AND order_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-01-31'
ORDER BY amount DESC;

-- 如果需要分页
SELECT * FROM orders 
WHERE user_id = 1001 
  AND order_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-01-31'
ORDER BY amount DESC
LIMIT 20 OFFSET 0;
```

### 案例2：实时数据分析查询

```sql
-- 需求：按小时统计最近24小时的订单数量和金额
-- 原始查询
SELECT 
    DATE_FORMAT(order_time, '%Y-%m-%d %H:00:00') as hour_bucket,
    COUNT(*) as order_count,
    SUM(amount) as total_amount
FROM orders 
WHERE order_time >= DATE_SUB(NOW(), INTERVAL 24 HOUR)
GROUP BY DATE_FORMAT(order_time, '%Y-%m-%d %H:00:00')
ORDER BY hour_bucket;

-- 优化方案：创建时间索引并使用覆盖索引
CREATE INDEX idx_order_time_amount ON orders(order_time, amount);

-- 优化查询（避免函数计算）
SELECT 
    FROM_UNIXTIME(UNIX_TIMESTAMP(order_time) - UNIX_TIMESTAMP(order_time) % 3600) as hour_bucket,
    COUNT(*) as order_count,
    SUM(amount) as total_amount
FROM orders 
WHERE order_time >= DATE_SUB(NOW(), INTERVAL 24 HOUR)
GROUP BY FROM_UNIXTIME(UNIX_TIMESTAMP(order_time) - UNIX_TIMESTAMP(order_time) % 3600)
ORDER BY hour_bucket;

-- 进一步优化：预计算小时桶
ALTER TABLE orders ADD COLUMN hour_bucket DATETIME GENERATED ALWAYS AS 
    (FROM_UNIXTIME(UNIX_TIMESTAMP(order_time) - UNIX_TIMESTAMP(order_time) % 3600)) STORED;

CREATE INDEX idx_hour_bucket_amount ON orders(hour_bucket, amount);

-- 最优化查询
SELECT 
    hour_bucket,
    COUNT(*) as order_count,
    SUM(amount) as total_amount
FROM orders 
WHERE hour_bucket >= DATE_SUB(DATE_SUB(NOW(), INTERVAL MINUTE(NOW()) MINUTE), INTERVAL 23 HOUR)
GROUP BY hour_bucket
ORDER BY hour_bucket;
```

### 案例3：用户行为分析

```sql
-- 需求：分析响应时间在不同区间的请求分布
-- 创建响应时间分析的优化索引
CREATE INDEX idx_response_time_code ON access_logs(response_time_ms, response_code);

-- 分析查询
SELECT 
    CASE 
        WHEN response_time_ms < 100 THEN '< 100ms'
        WHEN response_time_ms < 500 THEN '100-500ms'
        WHEN response_time_ms < 1000 THEN '500ms-1s'
        WHEN response_time_ms < 3000 THEN '1-3s'
        ELSE '> 3s'
    END as response_time_bucket,
    COUNT(*) as request_count,
    COUNT(CASE WHEN response_code = 200 THEN 1 END) as success_count,
    ROUND(AVG(response_time_ms), 2) as avg_response_time
FROM access_logs 
WHERE access_time >= DATE_SUB(NOW(), INTERVAL 7 DAY)
GROUP BY 
    CASE 
        WHEN response_time_ms < 100 THEN '< 100ms'
        WHEN response_time_ms < 500 THEN '100-500ms'
        WHEN response_time_ms < 1000 THEN '500ms-1s'
        WHEN response_time_ms < 3000 THEN '1-3s'
        ELSE '> 3s'
    END
ORDER BY 
    CASE 
        WHEN response_time_ms < 100 THEN 1
        WHEN response_time_ms < 500 THEN 2
        WHEN response_time_ms < 1000 THEN 3
        WHEN response_time_ms < 3000 THEN 4
        ELSE 5
    END;

-- 优化版本：使用多个简单的RANGE查询代替复杂CASE
SELECT '< 100ms' as bucket, COUNT(*) as count FROM access_logs 
WHERE access_time >= DATE_SUB(NOW(), INTERVAL 7 DAY) AND response_time_ms < 100
UNION ALL
SELECT '100-500ms', COUNT(*) FROM access_logs 
WHERE access_time >= DATE_SUB(NOW(), INTERVAL 7 DAY) AND response_time_ms >= 100 AND response_time_ms < 500
UNION ALL
SELECT '500ms-1s', COUNT(*) FROM access_logs 
WHERE access_time >= DATE_SUB(NOW(), INTERVAL 7 DAY) AND response_time_ms >= 500 AND response_time_ms < 1000
UNION ALL
SELECT '1-3s', COUNT(*) FROM access_logs 
WHERE access_time >= DATE_SUB(NOW(), INTERVAL 7 DAY) AND response_time_ms >= 1000 AND response_time_ms < 3000
UNION ALL
SELECT '> 3s', COUNT(*) FROM access_logs 
WHERE access_time >= DATE_SUB(NOW(), INTERVAL 7 DAY) AND response_time_ms >= 3000;
```

## 分区表与 RANGE 优化

### 1. 基于日期的范围分区

```sql
-- 创建按月份分区的订单表
CREATE TABLE orders_partitioned (
    order_id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
    user_id INT NOT NULL,
    product_id INT NOT NULL,
    order_date DATE NOT NULL,
    order_time DATETIME NOT NULL,
    amount DECIMAL(10,2) NOT NULL,
    status ENUM('pending', 'paid', 'shipped', 'delivered', 'cancelled') NOT NULL,
    region VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
    
    KEY idx_user_id (user_id),
    KEY idx_order_date (order_date),
    KEY idx_amount (amount),
    KEY idx_user_date (user_id, order_date)
) ENGINE=InnoDB
PARTITION BY RANGE (YEAR(order_date) * 100 + MONTH(order_date)) (
    PARTITION p202401 VALUES LESS THAN (202402),
    PARTITION p202402 VALUES LESS THAN (202403),
    PARTITION p202403 VALUES LESS THAN (202404),
    PARTITION p202404 VALUES LESS THAN (202405),
    PARTITION p202405 VALUES LESS THAN (202406),
    PARTITION p202406 VALUES LESS THAN (202407),
    PARTITION p202407 VALUES LESS THAN (202408),
    PARTITION p202408 VALUES LESS THAN (202409),
    PARTITION p202409 VALUES LESS THAN (202410),
    PARTITION p202410 VALUES LESS THAN (202411),
    PARTITION p202411 VALUES LESS THAN (202412),
    PARTITION p202412 VALUES LESS THAN (202501),
    PARTITION p_future VALUES LESS THAN MAXVALUE
);

-- 分区表的RANGE查询优化
-- ✅ 可以利用分区剪枝的查询
SELECT * FROM orders_partitioned 
WHERE order_date BETWEEN '2024-03-01' AND '2024-03-31';

-- 查看分区剪枝效果
EXPLAIN PARTITIONS
SELECT * FROM orders_partitioned 
WHERE order_date BETWEEN '2024-03-01' AND '2024-03-31';

-- ❌ 无法利用分区剪枝的查询（使用函数）
SELECT * FROM orders_partitioned 
WHERE YEAR(order_date) = 2024 AND MONTH(order_date) = 3;
```

### 2. 基于数值的范围分区

```sql
-- 创建按用户ID范围分区的表
CREATE TABLE user_activities_partitioned (
    activity_id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
    user_id INT NOT NULL,
    activity_type VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
    activity_time DATETIME NOT NULL,
    activity_data JSON,
    
    KEY idx_user_time (user_id, activity_time),
    KEY idx_activity_time (activity_time)
) ENGINE=InnoDB
PARTITION BY RANGE (user_id) (
    PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (1000),
    PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (5000),
    PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (10000),
    PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (50000),
    PARTITION p4 VALUES LESS THAN MAXVALUE
);

-- 针对特定用户范围的查询优化
SELECT * FROM user_activities_partitioned 
WHERE user_id BETWEEN 1000 AND 4999 
  AND activity_time >= '2024-01-01';

-- 查看执行计划
EXPLAIN PARTITIONS
SELECT * FROM user_activities_partitioned 
WHERE user_id BETWEEN 1000 AND 4999 
  AND activity_time >= '2024-01-01';
```

### 3. 分区表维护

```sql
-- 添加新分区
ALTER TABLE orders_partitioned 
ADD PARTITION (PARTITION p202501 VALUES LESS THAN (202502));

-- 删除旧分区（删除数据）
ALTER TABLE orders_partitioned DROP PARTITION p202401;

-- 重组分区
ALTER TABLE orders_partitioned 
REORGANIZE PARTITION p_future INTO (
    PARTITION p202502 VALUES LESS THAN (202503),
    PARTITION p202503 VALUES LESS THAN (202504),
    PARTITION p_future VALUES LESS THAN MAXVALUE
);

-- 查看分区信息
SELECT 
    PARTITION_NAME,
    TABLE_ROWS,
    DATA_LENGTH,
    PARTITION_DESCRIPTION
FROM information_schema.PARTITIONS 
WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE() 
  AND TABLE_NAME = 'orders_partitioned';
```

## 性能监控和调优

### 1. 监控 RANGE 查询性能

```sql
-- 查看慢查询中的RANGE查询
SELECT 
    sql_text,
    exec_count,
    avg_timer_wait/1000000000000 as avg_time_sec,
    sum_rows_examined/exec_count as avg_rows_examined,
    sum_rows_sent/exec_count as avg_rows_sent,
    (sum_rows_examined/exec_count) / (sum_rows_sent/exec_count) as examine_ratio
FROM performance_schema.events_statements_summary_by_digest 
WHERE sql_text LIKE '%BETWEEN%' 
   OR sql_text LIKE '%>%' 
   OR sql_text LIKE '%<%'
ORDER BY avg_timer_wait DESC 
LIMIT 10;

-- 监控索引使用情况
SELECT 
    object_schema,
    object_name,
    index_name,
    count_star as usage_count,
    sum_timer_wait/1000000000000 as total_time_sec
FROM performance_schema.table_io_waits_summary_by_index_usage
WHERE object_schema = DATABASE()
  AND count_star > 0
ORDER BY sum_timer_wait DESC;
```

### 2. 性能测试脚本

```sql
-- 创建性能测试存储过程
DELIMITER //
CREATE PROCEDURE TestRangeQueryPerformance()
BEGIN
    DECLARE start_time DATETIME;
    DECLARE end_time DATETIME;
    DECLARE duration_ms INT;
    
    -- 测试1：日期范围查询
    SET start_time = NOW(6);
    SELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders 
    WHERE order_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-01-31';
    SET end_time = NOW(6);
    SET duration_ms = TIMESTAMPDIFF(MICROSECOND, start_time, end_time) / 1000;
    SELECT 'Date Range Query' as test_name, duration_ms as duration_ms;
    
    -- 测试2：数值范围查询
    SET start_time = NOW(6);
    SELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders 
    WHERE amount BETWEEN 100 AND 500;
    SET end_time = NOW(6);
    SET duration_ms = TIMESTAMPDIFF(MICROSECOND, start_time, end_time) / 1000;
    SELECT 'Amount Range Query' as test_name, duration_ms as duration_ms;
    
    -- 测试3：复合条件查询
    SET start_time = NOW(6);
    SELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders 
    WHERE order_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-01-31'
      AND amount BETWEEN 100 AND 500;
    SET end_time = NOW(6);
    SET duration_ms = TIMESTAMPDIFF(MICROSECOND, start_time, end_time) / 1000;
    SELECT 'Combined Range Query' as test_name, duration_ms as duration_ms;
    
END //
DELIMITER ;

-- 执行性能测试
CALL TestRangeQueryPerformance();
```

### 3. 自动化索引建议

```sql
-- 分析表的查询模式，建议索引
CREATE VIEW range_query_analysis AS
SELECT 
    'orders' as table_name,
    'order_date' as column_name,
    COUNT(DISTINCT order_date) as distinct_values,
    COUNT(*) as total_rows,
    COUNT(DISTINCT order_date) / COUNT(*) as selectivity,
    CASE 
        WHEN COUNT(DISTINCT order_date) / COUNT(*) > 0.1 THEN '高选择性，建议单独建索引'
        WHEN COUNT(DISTINCT order_date) / COUNT(*) > 0.01 THEN '中等选择性，建议组合索引'
        ELSE '低选择性，不建议建索引'
    END as index_recommendation
FROM orders

UNION ALL

SELECT 
    'orders' as table_name,
    'amount' as column_name,
    COUNT(DISTINCT amount) as distinct_values,
    COUNT(*) as total_rows,
    COUNT(DISTINCT amount) / COUNT(*) as selectivity,
    CASE 
        WHEN COUNT(DISTINCT amount) / COUNT(*) > 0.1 THEN '高选择性，建议单独建索引'
        WHEN COUNT(DISTINCT amount) / COUNT(*) > 0.01 THEN '中等选择性，建议组合索引'
        ELSE '低选择性，不建议建索引'
    END as index_recommendation
FROM orders;

-- 查看分析结果
SELECT * FROM range_query_analysis;
```

## 常见问题和最佳实践

### 1. 常见性能陷阱

```sql
-- ❌ 陷阱1：在WHERE条件中使用函数
-- 错误示例
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE YEAR(order_date) = 2024;
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE DATE_ADD(order_date, INTERVAL 1 DAY) = '2024-01-02';

-- ✅ 正确做法
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE order_date >= '2024-01-01' AND order_date < '2025-01-01';
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE order_date = '2024-01-01';

-- ❌ 陷阱2：数据类型不匹配导致的隐式转换
-- 错误示例（假设user_id是INT类型）
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE user_id = '1001';  -- 字符串比较整数

-- ✅ 正确做法
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE user_id = 1001;

-- ❌ 陷阱3：LIKE查询的误用
-- 错误示例
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE order_id LIKE '1001%';  -- 应该用数值比较

-- ✅ 正确做法
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE order_id >= 1001 AND order_id < 1002;
```

### 2. 索引设计最佳实践

```sql
-- ✅ 最佳实践1：根据查询频率设计索引
-- 高频查询的索引设计
CREATE INDEX idx_user_status_date ON orders(user_id, status, order_date);
CREATE INDEX idx_date_amount ON orders(order_date, amount);

-- ✅ 最佳实践2：考虑排序需求的索引设计
-- 如果经常需要按金额降序排序
CREATE INDEX idx_date_amount_desc ON orders(order_date, amount DESC);

-- ✅ 最佳实践3：覆盖索引的设计
-- 如果只查询特定列，可以设计覆盖索引
CREATE INDEX idx_covering_order_summary ON orders(order_date, user_id, amount, status);

-- 该查询只需访问索引，无需回表
SELECT user_id, amount, status FROM orders 
WHERE order_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-01-31';
```

### 3. 查询优化检查清单

```sql
-- 优化检查清单
/*
1. ✅ 避免在WHERE条件中使用函数
2. ✅ 确保数据类型匹配，避免隐式转换
3. ✅ 合理使用复合索引，遵循最左前缀原则
4. ✅ 考虑使用覆盖索引减少回表操作
5. ✅ 对于大量IN值，考虑使用JOIN或EXISTS
6. ✅ 利用分区表的分区剪枝特性
7. ✅ 定期分析表统计信息
8. ✅ 监控慢查询日志和执行计划
9. ✅ 考虑查询结果的数据量，适当使用LIMIT
10. ✅ 根据业务特点选择合适的索引策略
*/

-- 索引效果验证模板
EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE conditions;

-- 性能对比模板
SELECT 
    BENCHMARK(10000, (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name WHERE conditions)) as execution_time;
```

### 4. 实际生产环境建议

```sql
-- 生产环境优化建议

-- 1. 定期收集表统计信息
ANALYZE TABLE orders, products, access_logs;

-- 2. 监控索引使用情况
CREATE EVENT check_index_usage
ON SCHEDULE EVERY 1 DAY
DO
  INSERT INTO index_usage_log
  SELECT 
    NOW() as check_time,
    object_name,
    index_name,
    count_star as usage_count
  FROM performance_schema.table_io_waits_summary_by_index_usage
  WHERE object_schema = DATABASE()
    AND count_star = 0;  -- 未使用的索引

-- 3. 自动优化建议
DELIMITER //
CREATE PROCEDURE GenerateOptimizationSuggestions()
BEGIN
    -- 查找可能需要索引的列
    SELECT 
        'Consider adding index' as suggestion,
        CONCAT('CREATE INDEX idx_', table_name, '_', column_name, 
               ' ON ', table_name, '(', column_name, ');') as sql_statement
    FROM (
        SELECT 'orders' as table_name, 'region' as column_name
        UNION ALL
        SELECT 'products', 'category_id'
        UNION ALL  
        SELECT 'access_logs', 'user_agent'
    ) potential_indexes;
    
    -- 查找可能需要删除的索引
    SELECT 
        'Consider dropping unused index' as suggestion,
        CONCAT('DROP INDEX ', index_name, ' ON ', object_name, ';') as sql_statement
    FROM performance_schema.table_io_waits_summary_by_index_usage
    WHERE object_schema = DATABASE()
      AND count_star = 0
      AND index_name != 'PRIMARY';
END //
DELIMITER ;

-- 调用优化建议
CALL GenerateOptimizationSuggestions();
```

---

**总结：**

RANGE 查询优化是数据库性能优化的重要组成部分，关键要点包括：

1. **理解原理**：掌握 RANGE 查询的执行机制和索引选择逻辑
2. **索引设计**：根据查询模式设计合适的单列和复合索引
3. **查询优化**：避免函数使用，保证数据类型匹配，合理使用索引提示
4. **分区策略**：对于大表，考虑使用分区表提高查询效率
5. **性能监控**：建立完善的监控体系，持续优化查询性能
6. **最佳实践**：遵循数据库设计和查询优化的最佳实践

通过系统的 RANGE 查询优化，可以显著提升数据库查询性能，改善用户体验。